Multi-objective Rao algorithm in resilience-based optimal design of water distribution networks

Abstract Multi-objective meta-heuristics are used to optimize water distribution networks (WDNs) as they can achieve a near-optimal balance between cost and resilience in unified platform. Most of these algorithms include tuning algorithm-specific control parameters for higher optimization efficiency, leading an increased computational effort. The current study is inspired by the desire address above problem. goal formulate multi-objective Rao algorithm (MORao) considering existing modified index (MRI) optimal design WDNs. model demonstrated attain Pareto-optimal solutions complex WDN problems without exclusive parameter tuning. written Python linked hydraulic implemented EPANET 2.2 using pressure-driven demand (PDD) analysis. method on three widely networks: Two-loop, Goyang, Fossolo. examine tradeoff two objectives recognize competitive solutions. network's 2.5 times only 0.8 increase least-cost Two-loop network. This research indicates that this satisfactory level performance with limited number function evaluations.